Environmental pollution in Sri Lanka has intensified due to rapid urbanization and industrial growth, significantly impacting the nation’s biodiversity and ecosystem health. While technological advancements can contribute to environmental degradation, they also offer promising solutions for environmental protection. This review examines the dual role of technology in Sri Lanka’s environmental context, analyzing both its adverse effects—such as electronic waste generation and industrial emissions—and its positive contributions through renewable energy implementation, advanced waste management systems, and smart environmental monitoring technologies. The study also evaluates the effectiveness of government policies, public awareness initiatives, and community engagement in pollution mitigation. Through analysis of successful technological interventions and assessment of future opportunities, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on harnessing technology for sustainable environmental management in Sri Lanka.